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At many universities, groups of freshmen were put into experi- mental classes for the sole purpose of increasing their knowledge of English words.

These groups did better in their sophomore, junior, and senior years than control groups of similarly endowed students who did not receive such training. The results of this test could be used, according to Professor William D. Templeman, to make an accurate prediction of future academic success--or lack of success-over the entire four year college course. Take a standard vocabulary test and then an intelligence test-the results in both will be substantially the same.

And you can increase your vocabulary-faster and easier than you may realize. You can, in fact, accomplish a tremendous gain in less than two to three months of concentrated effort, even if you do only one session a day-in less time if you do two or more sessions a day.

Furthermore You can start improving your vocabulary immediately-and within a few days you can be cruising along at such a rapid rate that there will be an actual change in your thinking, in your ability to express your thoughts, and in your powers of understanding. Does this sound as if I am promising you the whole world in a neat package with a pretty pink ribbon tied around it? And I am willing to make such an unqualified promise because I have seen what happens to those of my students at New York Univer- sity and at Rio Hondo ColJege in Whittier, California, who make sincere, methodical efforts to learn more, many ip.

You can't be. If you honestly read every page, if you do every exercise, if you take every test, if you follow every principle, you will go through an intellectual experience that will effect a radical change in you.

For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also sharpen and enrich youi: thinking; push back your intellectual ho- rizons; build your self-assurance; improve your facility in handling the English language and thereby your ability to express your thoughts effectively; and acquire a deeper understanding of the world in general and of yourself in particular.

Increasing your vocabulary does not mean merely learning the definitions of large numbers of obscure words; it does not mean memorizing scores of unrelated terms. What it means-what it can only mean-is becoming acquainted with the multitudinous and fascinating phenomena of human existence for which words are, obviously, only the verbal descriptions.. Increasing your vocabulary-properly, intelligently, and sys- tematically-means treating yourself to an all-round, liberal edu- cation.

You were once that typical child. You were once an accomplished virtuoso at vocabulary build- ing. What was your secret? Did you spend hours every day poring over a dictionary? Did you lull yourself to sleep at night with Webster's Un- abridged? Did you keep notebooks full of all the new words you ever heard or read? Did you immediately look up the meaning of any new word that your parents or older members of your family used?

Such procedures would have struck you as absurd then, as ab- surd as they would be for you today. You had a much better, much more effective, and considerably less self-conscious method. Eventually, therefore, you gradually lost your need to increase your vocabulary-your need to learn the words that could verbal- ize your new discoveries, your new understanding, your new knowledge.

Roland Gelatt, in a review of Caroline Pratt's book I Learn from Children, describes this phenomenon as follows: AU normal human beings are born with a powerful urge to learn. Almost all of them lose this urge, even before they 11ave reached maturity. It is only the few. This is perhaps the most insidious of human tragedies. Children are wonders at increasing their vocabularies because of their "powerful urge to learn. If you are a parent, you perhaps remember that crucial and trying period in which your child constantly asked "Why?

How many adults that you know go about asking and thinking "Why? The adults who "lose this urge," who no longer feel that "lack of learning becomes a nuisance," stop building their vocabularies. They stop learning, they stop growing intellectually, they stop changing. When and if such a time comes, then, as Mr. Gelatt so truly says, "This is perhaps the most insidious of human trage- dies.

And thus you can start increasing your vocabulary at the same rate as when you were a child. I am not spouting airy theory. For over thirty-five years I have worked with thousands of adults in my college courses in vocabu- lary improvement, and ,I can state as a fact, and without qualifica- tion, that: If you can recapture the "powerful urge to learn" with which you were born, you can go on increasing your vocabulary at a pro- digious rate- No matter what your present age.

You may be laboring under a delusion common to many older people. You may think that after you pass your twenties you rapidly and inevitably lose your ability to learn. That is simply not true. There is no doubt that the years up to eighteen or twenty are the best period for learning. Your own experience no doubt bears that out. And of course for most people more learning goes on faster up to the age of eighteen or twenty than ever after, even if they live to be older than Methuselah.

That is wJly vocabulary increases so rapidly for the first twenty years of Jifel and compara- tively at a snail's pace thereafter. But and follow me closely - The fact that most learning is accomplished before the age of twenty does not mean that very little learning can be achieved be- yond that age. What is done by most people and what can be done under proper guidance and motivation are two very, very different things -as scientific experiments have conclusively shown. Furthermore- The fact that your learning ability may be best up to age twenty does not mean that it is absolutely useless as soon as your twenti- eth birthday is passed.

Quite the contrary. After that, ability to learn according to Professor Thorndike drops very, very slowly up to the age of thirty-five, and drops a bit more but still slowly beyond that age. And- Right up to senility the total decrease in learning ability after age twenty is never more than 15 per cent! That does not sound, I submit, as if no one can ever learn any- thing new after the age of twenty. So I repeat: no matter what your age, you can go on learning efficiently, or start learning once again if perhaps you have stopped.

You can be thirty, or forty, or fifty, or sixty, or seventyor older. No matter what your age, you can once again increase your vo- cabulary at a prodigious rate-providing you recapture the "pow- erful urge to learn" that is the key to vocabulary improvement. Not the urge to learn "words"-words are only symbols of ideas. But the urge to learn facts, theories, concepts, information, knowledge, understanding--call it what you will. Words are the symbols of knowledge, the keys to accurate thinking.

Is it any wonder then that the most successful and intel- ligent people in this country have the biggest vocabularies? It was not their large vocabularies that made these people suc- cessful and intelligent, but their knowledge. Knowledge, however, is gained largely through words. In the process of increasing their knowledge, these successful people increased their vocabularies. Knowledge is chiefly in the form of words, and from now on, in this book, you will be thinking about, and thinking with, new words and new ideas.

The organization of the book is based on two simple principles: 1 words are the verbal symbols of ideas, and 2 the more ideas you are familiar with, the more words you know.

So, chapter by chapter, we will start with some central idea- personality types, doctors, science, unusual occupations, liars, ac- tions, speech habits, insults, compliments, etc.

Then, using each word as a springboard, we will explore any others which are related to it in meaning or derivation, so that it is not unlikely that a single chapter may discuss, teach, and test close to one hundred important words. Always, however, the approach will be from the idea. First there will be a "teaser preview'. In the etymology derivation of words section, you will learn what Greek or Latin root gives the word its unique meaning and what other words contain the same, or related, roots.

You will thus be continually working in related fields, and there will never be any possibility of confusion from "too muchness," despite the great number of words taken up and tested in each chapter. Successful people have superior vocabularies. And it is to readers whose goal is success- ful living in the broadest meaning of the word successful that this book is addressed. You will discover that each chapter is.

For best results, do one or two sessions at a time-spaced study- ing, with time between sessions so that you can assimilate what you have learned, is far more efficient, far more productive, than gobbling up great amounts in indigestible chunks.

Come back to the book every day, or as close to every day as the circumstances of your life permit. Find a schedule that is comfortable for you, and then stick to it. Avoid interrupting your work until you have completed a full session, and always decide, before you stop, exactly when you will plan to pick up the book again. Working at your own comfortable rate, you will likely finish the material in two to three months, give or take a few weeks either way.

However long you take, you will end with a solid feeling of ac- complishment, a new understanding of how English words work, and-most important-how to make words work for you.

Everyone's personality is determined by a combination of ge- netic and environmental factors. Let us examine ten personality types one of which might by chance be your very own that result from the way culture, growth, family background, and environment interact with hered- ity. And, of course, we begin not with the words, but with the ideas. IDEAS 1. Have you heard about all the money I'm mak- ing?

Did I tell you about my latest amorous conquest? Let me give you my opinion-I know, because I'm an expert at practically ev- erything! An egotist 3. Never mind your- own inter- ests, how's the next fellow getting along? An altruist 4. Probing, futile questions like "What do other people-think of me? You may seem unsocial, yet your greatest desire is to be Hked and accepted. You may be shy and quiet, you are often moody and unhappy, and you prefer solitude or at most the company of one person to a crowd.

You have an aptitude for creative work and are uncomfortable engaging in activities that require co- operation with other people. You may even be a genius, or even. An introvert 5. You can always become interested-sincerely, vi- tally interested-in other people's problems. You're the life of the party, because you never worry about the effect of your actions, never inhibit yourself with doubts about dignity or propriety.

Your thoughts, your interests, your whole personality are turned outward. An extrovert 6. Your interests are turned, in about equal proportions, both inward and outward. An ambivert 7. Especially, but never to be admitted, yourself? The perfectibility of the human race? No way! Probably ail! A misanthrope 8. So now you have a carefully constructed defense agaim;t further hurt -you hate all women. A misogynist 9.

You will not make the ultimate legal commitment Members of the opposite sex are great as lovers, roommates, apartment- or house-sharers, but not as lawfully wedded spouses.

Y may possibly believe, and pos- sibly, for yourself, be right, that a commitment is deeper and more meaningful if freedom is available without judicial proceedings. A misogamist Self-denial, austerity, lonely contemplation-these are the char- acteristics of the good life, so you claim. The simplest food and the least amount of it that will keep body and soul together, com- bined with abstinence from fleshly, earthly pleasures, will eventu- ally lead to spiritual perfection-that is your philosophy.

Now say the words-each one is respelled phonetically so that you will be sure to pronounce it correctly. This is the first important step to com- plete mastery. As you hear a word in your own voice, think of its meaning. Are you quite clear about it? If not, reinforce your learning by rereading the explanatory paragraph or paragraphs. Can you pronounce the words? For your third step, match each personality with the appro- priate characteristic, action, or attitude. Now that you are becoming more and more involved in these ten words, find out if they can make an immediate, appeal to your understanding.

Is an egoist selfish? YES , NO 2. Is an altruist selfish? YES NO 4. Are most normal people ambiverts? YES NO 7. Does a misanthrope like people? YES NO 8. Does an ascetic lead a life of luxury? YES NO l 0. KEY: I-yes, 2-no, 3-no, 4-yes, 5-no, 6-yes, 7-no, 8-no, 9-no, yes Can you recall the words? You have thus far reinforced your learning by saying the words aloud, by matching them to their definitions, and by responding to meaning when they were used in context.

Can you recall each word, now, without further reference to previous material? And can you spell it correctly? Who lives a lonely, austere 1. Whose interests are turned 2. Who is supremely selfish? Who hates people? M 5. Whose interests are turned 5. Who is incredibly conceited? Who is more interested in the 7. Who hates women? Who hates marriage? In this section you will learn a good deal more about the. I is the greatest concern in the egoist's mind, the most overused word in the egotist's vocabulary.

Ego itself has been taken over from Latin as an important English word and is commonly used to denote one's concept of oneself, as in, "What do you think your constant criticisms do to my ego?

If you are an egocentric ee'-go-SEN'-trik , you consider your- self the center of the universe-you are an extreme form of the egoist.

And if you are an egomaniac ee'-g5-MAY'-nee-ak , you carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, desires, and in- terests have become a morbid obsession, a mania. The egoist or egotist is obnoxious, the egocentric is intolerable, and the egoma- niac is dangerous and slightly mad. Egocentric is both a noun "What an egocentric her new room- mate is! To derive the adjective form of egomaniac, add -al, a common adjective suffix.

Say the adjective aloud: egomaniacal ee'-go-ma-NI'-a-kal 2. Altruism AL'-triz-am , the philosophy practiced by altru- ists, comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other.

Altruistic al-trIS'-tik actions look toward the benefit of others. If you alternate A WL'-tar-nayt' , you skip one and take the other, so to speak, as when you play golf on alternate AWL'- far-nat Saturdays. An alternate AWL'-tar-nai in a debate, contest, or conven- tion is the other person who will take over if the original choice is unable to attend.

And if you have no alternative awl-TUR'-na- tiv , you have no other choice. You see how easy it is to understand the meanings of these words once you realize that they all come from the same source. Ari alteration awl'-t:i-RAY'-shan is of course a change-,-a making into something other. When you alter AWL'-tar your plans, you make other plans.

An altercation awl'-tar-KAY'-shan is a verbal dispute. When you have an altercation with someone, you have a violent disagree- ment, a "fight" with words. And why? Because you have other ideas, plans, or opinions than those of the person on the other side of the argument. Altercation, by the way, is stronger than quarrel or dispute-the sentiment is more heated, the disagreement. You have altercations, in short, over pretty important issues, and the word implies that you get quite excited.

Alter ego AWL'-tar EE'-go , which combines alter, other, with ego, I, self, -generally refers to someone with whom you are so close that you both do the same things, think alike, react similarly, and are, in temperament, almost mirror images of each other.

Any such friend is your other I, your other self, your alter ego. Digging a little into the derivation of three of our basic words, egoist, egotist, and altruist, has put us in touch with two important Latin roots, ego, I, self, and alter, other, and has made it possible for us to explore, with little difficulty, many other words derived from these roots. Pause now, for a moment, to digest these new acquisitions, and to say them aloud.

AWL'-tar-nayt' 8. Ill You have seen how these thirteen words derive from the two Latin roots ego, I, self, and alter, other, and you have pronounced them aloud and thereby begun to make them part of your active vocabulary. Are you ready to match definitions to words? If you have begun to understand these thirteen words, you will be able to respond to the following questions. Is rejection usually a blow to one's ego?

YES NO 2. Is an alternate plan necessarily inferior? Ha:ve you learned. Re- view first if necessary; then, without further reference to previous pages, write the correct word in each blank. Make sure to check your spelling when you refer to the Key. If your thoughts are constantly turned inward intro- , you are an introvert; outward extro- , an extrovert; and in both directions am bi- , an ambivert. The prefix ambi-, both, is also found in ambidextrous am'-ba-DEKS'-trs , able to use both hands with equal skill.

The noun is ambidexterity am'- ba-deks-TAIR'-a-tee. The ending -ous is a common adjec- tive suffix famous, dangerous, perilous, etc. Spelling caution: Note that the letter following the t- in am- bidextrous is -r, but that in dexterous the next letter is -e. Dexter is actually the Latin word for right hand-in the am- bidextrous person, both hands are right hands, so to speak.

The right hand is traditionally the more skillful one; it is only within recent decades that we have come to accept that "lefties" or "southpaws" are just as normal as anyone else-and the term lef I-handed is still used as a synonym of awkward.

The Latin word for the left hand is sinister. This same word, in English, means threatening, evil, or dangerous, a further com- mentary on our early suspiciousness of left-handed persons. There may still be some parents who insist on forcing left-handed chil- dren to change though left-handedness is inherited, and as much an integral part of its possessor as eye color or nose shape , with various unfortunate results to the child-sometimes stuttering or an inability to read with normal skill.

Call someone gauche GOSH and you imply clumsiness, generally social rather than physical. We're right back to our age-old misconception that left-handed people are less skillful than right-handed ones.

A gauche remark is tactless; a gauche offer of sympathy is so bumbling as to be em- barrassing; gaucherie GO'-sha-ree is an awkward, clumsy, tact- less, embarrassing way of saying things or of handling situations.

The gauche person is totally without finesse. Needless to say, adroit, like dexterous, means skillful, but especially in the exercise of the mental facilities. Like gauche, adroit, or its noun adroitness, usually is used figuratively. The adroit person is quick- witted, can get out of difficult spots cleverly, can handle situations ingeniously.

Adroitness is, then, quite the opposite of gaucherie. The misanthrope hates mankind Greek an. Anthropos, mankind, is also found in anthropology an-thra- POL'-a-jee , the study of the development of the human race; and in philanthropist fa-LAN'-thra-pist , one who loves man- kind and shows such love by making substantial financial contri- butions to charitable organizations or by donating time and energy to helping those in need.

As we will discover later, monos means one, bi- means two, polys means many. Bigamy, by etymology, is two marriages-in actuality, the un- lawful act of contracting another marriage without divorcing one's current legal spouse.

And polygamy, by derivation many marriages, and therefore ety- mologically denoting plural marriage for either males or females, in current usage generally refers to the custom practiced in earlier times by the Mormons, and before them by King Solomon, in wh. The correct, but rarely used, term for this custom is polygyny p;;i-LIJ'-a-nee -polys, many, plus gyne, woman.

What if a woman has two or more husbands, a form of mar- riage practiced in the Himalaya Mountains of Tibet? That custom is called polyandry pol-ee-AN'-dree , from polys plus Greek andros, male. Consider: Person Practice, etc. Adjective 1. A monk lives a lonely life-not for him the pleasures of the fleshpots, the laughter and merriment of convivial gatherings, the dissipation of high living. Rather, days of contemplation, study, and rough toil, nights on a hard bed in a simple cell, and the kind of self-denial that leads to a purification of the soul.

That person is an ascetic who leads an existence, voluntarily of course, that compares in austerity, simplicity, and rigorous hard- ship with the life of a monk. The practice is asceticism a-SET'-;l-siz-am , the adjective as- cetic. Stop for a moment to review the roots, prefixes, and suffixes you have studied. Can you recall a word we have discussed in this chapter that is built on the in- dicated prefix, root, or suffix?

Hear it in your own voice! Say it often enough so that you feel comfortable with it, noting carefully from the phonetic respelling exactly how it should sound. Remember that the first crucial step in mastering a word is to be able to say it with ease and assurance. I Check on your comprehension! See how successfully you can match words and meanings! Ill 1. Is a sinister-looking person frightening? Is gaucherie a social asset? YES NO 5. Is a bigamist breaking the law?

YES NO Is a philanthropist generally altruistic? YEs NO Are bachelors necessarily misogynous? KEY: 1-yes, 2-yes, 3-yes, 4-no, 5-yes, 6-yes, 7-no, 8-yes, 9-no, yes, yes, no, no, no, no, no, yes Can you recall the words?

M adj. M mankind adj. B than one spouse G disorders A equal skill Do you recognize the words? Puts selfish desires first: a egoist, b egotist, c altruist 2.

Is self-analytical: a extrovert, b introvert, c ambivert 3. Hates women: a misogamist, b misanthrope, c misogynist 4. One's other self: a altercation, b alter ego, c alteration 5. Awkward, clumsy: a adroit, b dexterous, c gauche 6.

Plural marriage as a custom: a bigamy, b polygamy, c mo- nogamy 7. Study of human development: a asceticism, b philanthropy, c anthropology 8. Write your answers on the blank lines. In three sessions, you have become acquainted with scores of new, vital, exciting words.

You understand the ideas behind these words, their various forms and spellings, their pronunciation, their derivation, how they can be used, and exactly what they mean. This realization should make you feel both gratified and excited. Funny thing about time. Aside from the fact that we all, rich or poor, sick or well, have the same amount of time, exactly twenty- four hours every day that is looking at time from a static point of view , it is also true that we can always find time for the things we enjoy doing, almost never for the things we find unpleasant and that is looking at time from the dynamic point of view.

I am not merely being philosophical-I am sure you will agree with this concept if you give it a little thought. If you have enjoyed learning new words, accepting new chal- lenges, gaining new understanding; and discovering the thrill of successful accomplishment, then make sure to stay with the time schedule you have set up for yourself.

A crucial factor in successful, ongoing learning is routine. Develop a comfortable time routine, persevere against all dis- tractions, and you will learn anything you sincerely want to learn. Do you some- times get a little confused about lay and lie or who and whom? Perhaps you are often a little less than certain about the distinc- tion between effect and affect, principal and principle, childish and childlike?

Here is a series of quick tests that will show you how ski11ful you are in using the right word in the right place, that will give you a reliable indication of how your language ability compares with the average. There is a beautiful moon out tonight and Estelle and I are going for a stroll-would you like to come along with she and I, her and me?

Your husband doesn't believe that you are older than I, me. Maybe we're not as rich as they, them , but I bet we're a lot happier. Does your child still lay, lie down for a nap after lunch? When we saw Mary openly filrting with Nellie's husband, we could, couldn't hardly believe our eyes. You should of, have put more vermouth into the martini. Does your company leave, let you have as long a lunch break as you would like? Harriet feels that her brothers-in-law, brother-in-laws are impossible to get along with.

White was delighted that the Fennells had invited John and she, her to their party. Is your English up to par? What effect, affect has the new administration's policies had on investor confidence?

A feeling of one's worth is one of the principle, principal goals of psychological therapy. There's no sense in, of carrying on that way. I can't remember who, whom it was. The infant lay, laid quietly.

No one but she, her ever made a perfect score on the test. In the early days of frontier history, horse thieves were hanged, hung. Neither of your responses- are, is satisfactory. Either of these two small cars, if properly maintained, is, are sure to give over thirty miles per gallon in highway driving. Tell whoever, whomever is waiting to come in. The next ten sentences are no cinch-you will be acquit- ting yourself creditably if you check the correct word five times out of ten.

And you have every right to consider yourself an ex- pert if you get nine or ten right. We have just interviewed an applicant who, whom the committee believes is best qualified for the position. She is one of those gifted writers who turns, turn out one best seller after another. Don't sound so incredulous, incredible ; what I am saying is absolutely true. We were totally disinterested, uninterested in the offer. This recipe calls for two cupsful, cupfuls of sugar. Are you trying to infer, imply by those words that he is not to be trusted?

We thought the actress to be she, her , but we weren't sure. Was it she, her you were talking about? Your criteria is, are not valid. Are you an expert? To find out what ails you and why, this specialist gives you a thorough physical examination, using an impressive array of tests: X ray,.

An internist 2. This specialist treats the female reproductive and sexual organs. A gynecologist 3. This specialist delivers babies and takes care of the mother dur- ing and immediately. An obstetrician 4. You know the common childhood maladies-mumps, whoop- ing cough, chicken pox, measles. You have heard the classic riddle: "What is the best use for pigskin? And our outer covering, like so many of our internal organs, is subject to diseases and infections of various kinds, running the gamut from simple acne and eczemas through impetigo, psoriasis, and cancer.

There is a specialist who treats all such skin diseases. A dermatologist 6. The physician whose specialty is disorders of vision myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. An ophthalmologist 7. This specialist deals with the skeletal structure of the body, treating bone fractures, slipped discs, clubfoot, curvature of the spine, dislocations of the hip, etc.

An orthopedist 8. This specialist treats diseases of the heart and circulatory sys- tem. A cardiologist 9. This physician specializes in the treatment of disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the nervous system. This specialist attempts to alleviate mental and emotional dis- turbances by means of various techniques, occasionally drugs or electroshock, more often private or group psychotherapy.

Words take on a new color if you hear them in your own voice; they begin to belong to you more personally, more intimately, than if you merely hear or read them. As always, therefore, say the words aloud to take the first, crucial step toward complete mastery.

Match each doctor to the field. Is an internist an expert in diagnosis? YES NO a 2. Does a pediatrician deliver babies? Is an ophthalmologist an eye,specialist? Is a neurologist a nerve specialist? If you were nervous, tense, overly YES NO anxio-Ds, constantly fearful for no apparent reasons, would a psychiatrist be the specialist to see? Write the name of the specialist you might visit or be referred to: i.

This physician determines the state of your internal organs in order to discover what's happening within your body to- cause the troubles you're complaining of. Do not confuse the internist with the intern also spelled in- terne , who is a medical graduate serving an apprenticeship inside a hospital. Obstetrician derives from Latin obstetrix, midwife, which in turn has its source in a Latin verb meaning to stand-midwives stand in front of the woman in labor to aid in the delivery of the infant.

The suffix -ician, as in obstetrician, physician, musician, magi- cian, electrician, etc. Obstetrics ob-STET'-riks has only within the last years become a respectable specialty. No further back than , Pro- fessor William P. Dewees assumed the first chair of obstetrics at the University of Pennsylvania and had to brave considerable medical contempt and ridicule as a result-the delivery of chil- dren was then considered beneath the dignity of the medical pro- fession.

Adjective: pediatric pee-dee-AT'-rik. The ped- you see in words like pedeStal, pedal, and pedestrian is from the Latin pedis, foot, and despite the identical spelling in English has no relationship to Greek paid. And to what do you lead them? To learning, to development, to growth, to maturity. From the moment of birth, infants are led by adults- they are taught, first by parents and then by teachers, to be self- suffi. In the Placement box, select the position that you want the currency symbol to occupy.

In the Decimal digits box, select the number of digits after the decimal that you want to display. You cannot use more than one currency per project. Before consolidating projects with different currency settings into one project file, you need to change the settings in each individual project to a common currency and update the cost values accordingly.

Changing the currency settings only affect the current project. A new project will automatically use the default Windows currency settings. On the Currency tab, in the Currency symbol box, type or select a currency symbol. Notes: You cannot use more than one currency per project. Need more help? Expand your skills.